Sub-Saharan Africa

Introduction The increase in internet access in the recent past has created a number of new legal challenges. The internet is transnational, amorphous, and difficult to define, and as such the new landscape created by the digital world has often

Introduction The right to privacy and the concomitant requirement to protect personal information has become increasingly relevant in the information age. As access to the internet has expanded and many parts of public and private life have become increasingly digitised,

Introduction Despite the importance of freedom of expression, not all speech is protected under international law, and some forms of speech are required to be prohibited by states.  Article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

Introduction The internet is one of the most powerful tools for facilitating the receiving and imparting of information and ideas. It allows for instant sharing of volumes of information, across borders and to wide audiences. It enables individuals to engage

Introduction Defamation proceedings, subject to the intention with which they are launched, can either be a tool or a weapon. As a tool, it can enable legal redress on the basis of the infringement of rights, such as the right

Key Insights Introduction Online assaults targeting women journalists pose one of the gravest contemporary threats to their safety, gender equality, and media freedom. These attacks are often vicious, coordinated, highly sexualized, and malicious, particularly targeting women belonging to religious and

Key Insights The objectives of this module are: Introduction In the current data-driven era, the right to privacy has gained increasing recognition as a fundamental right, both in itself and as an enabler of other rights. This includes enabling the

Key Insights Introduction Over the last decade, the number of internet users worldwide has more than doubled. As of January 2024, the digital population consists of over 5.3 billion people.[1] In Africa, the number of recorded internet users increased almost

Key Insights Introduction “National security”(1) is one of the most common justifications offered by states for limiting freedom of expression by journalists, bloggers, and media organs. It is a legitimate restriction on fundamental rights and freedoms in the International Covenant

Key Insights Introduction Since at least the formation of the United Nations (UN) and the construction of a human rights regime founded in international law in 1948, the right to freedom of expression has become universally acknowledged. An example of

Key Highlights Introduction Since at least the formation of the United Nations (UN) and the construction of a human rights regime founded in international law in 1948, the right to freedom of expression has become universally acknowledged. An example of