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Each theme contains useful resources for lawyers on freedom of expression, click below to get started.

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Freedom of expression

An overview of the multi-faceted right to freedom of expression and how it is protected under international law.

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Digital rights

Understanding digital rights is crucial to protecting human rights, as little of our lives today is immune from the forces of technology and the internet.

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Restricting Internet access & online content

An overview of the ways in which access to the internet and online content are restricted around the world.

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Defamation & reputation

An overview of freedom of expression issues in the law, including how defamation is treated in domestic and international law.

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Privacy, security & data protection

An overview of the right to privacy, data protection, and protecting freedom of expression in a digital world.

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Cybercrimes

Describes the different types of cybercrimes, tracks the trends, and evaluates how cybercrimes are dealt with in international law.

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Hate speech

An overview of hate speech and how it is dealt with both under domestic and international law.

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Censorship by private actors

An overview of the ways in which access to content and freedom of expression online are restricted by private actors.

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False news, misinformation & propaganda

An overview of false news, misinformation and propaganda, including causes and potential solutions..

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Litigating freedom of expression

An overview of the various rights and concepts which encompass digital rights.

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Radio Twist v Slovakia (2005)

The European Court of Human Rights held that a radio station had not violated the rights of persons who were recorded because of the context and content of the conversation being clearly political in nature, and the subject-matter being of general interest, and because of the context of how the recording came to be in…

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Europe · Slovakia · Apr 2005

Andare v Attorney General of Kenya (2015)

The High Court of Kenya emphasised that the state has a duty to demonstrate that cybercrimes laws are permissible in a free and democratic society, to establish the relationship between the limitation and its purpose, and to show that there were no less restrictive means to achieve the purpose intended.

local_police Cybercrimes · Africa · Kenya · Apr 2015

Media Defence Files Intervention at European Court Seeking to Protect Anonymity of Users Online

portable_wifi_off Restricting Internet access & online content · Austria · Europe · Oct 2017

Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights and Another v The Minister of State in the President’s Office Responsible for National Security and Others (2019)

The Zimbabwe High Court ruled that the government had no authority to order the internet shutdown that coincided with widespread protests in January 2019.

phonelink_lock Digital rights · portable_wifi_off Restricting Internet access & online content · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · Africa · Zimbabwe · Apr 2019

Media Defence Files Intervention Before Constitutional Court of Colombia in MOVICE Case

record_voice_over Freedom of expression · Colombia · South America · Dec 2020

Module de synthèse 8 : « Fausses nouvelles », mésinformation et propagande (Afrique subsaharienne)

Tout en reconnaissant les maux sociaux occasionnés par les fausses nouvelles et la mésinformation, les tribunaux et les acteurs internationaux maintiennent que les dispositions générales et trop larges qui criminalisent les fausses nouvelles et la mésinformation violent le droit à la liberté d’expression.

dvr False news, misinformation & propaganda · Africa · Apr 2021

SANEF v Black Land First (2017)

The High Court of South Africa ordered the Black First Land First organization to refrain from acts of intimidation, harassment, and threats directed at certain journalists.

record_voice_over Freedom of expression · local_police Cybercrimes · Africa · South Africa · Nov 2022

The Case of São Paulo SubwWT: MDay Facial Recognition Cameras (2021)

A Civil Court in São Paulo, Brazil held that the use of facial recognition technology on a subway line was an infringement of the right to privacy of one’s image and to the freedom of information.

phonelink_lock Digital rights · fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Brazil · South America · Nov 2022

Bosasa Operation (Pty) Ltd v Basson and Another (2012)

The High Court of South Africa held that journalists are not required to reveal their sources, subject to certain exceptions.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Africa · South Africa · Apr 2012

Magyar Tartalomszolgáltatók Egyesülete and Index.hu Zrt v Hungary (2016)

The European Court of Human Rights found that internet portals assume duties and responsibilities particularly in the context of offensive and vulgar comments — even if the speech is not unlawful.

portable_wifi_off Restricting Internet access & online content · local_fire_department Defamation & reputation · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · gavel Litigating freedom of expression · Europe · Hungary · Apr 2016