English

Introduction The use of meritless defamation proceedings is a notorious method of stifling freedom of expression and dissent, particularly of journalists. While defamation laws aim to provide individuals with a remedy for public statements that harm their reputation, they inevitably come

Introduction Defamation proceedings, subject to the intention with which they are launched, can either be a tool or a weapon. As a tool, it can enable legal redress on the basis of the infringement of rights, such as the right

Defamation is a notorious tactic used to suppress freedom of expression, notably affecting journalists. While defamation laws intend to safeguard individuals from public statements that could tarnish their reputation or dignity, they frequently clash with the right to free expression

Key Insights Introduction Online assaults targeting women journalists pose one of the gravest contemporary threats to their safety, gender equality, and media freedom. These attacks are often vicious, coordinated, highly sexualized, and malicious, particularly targeting women belonging to religious and

Introduction Violence against journalists and others for exercising their right to freedom of expression poses a particularly serious threat to the realisation of this right. Besides violating the rights of the targets, such violence may lead to journalists self-censoring, especially

Key Insights The objectives of this module are: Introduction In the current data-driven era, the right to privacy has gained increasing recognition as a fundamental right, both in itself and as an enabler of other rights. This includes enabling the

Key Insights Safeguarding the rights of journalists in the digital space, including protecting their communications and other sensitive data, has become an increasingly complex and relevant issue in the new information age. This module explores various measures by European states,

Key Insights In this new information age, the task of safeguarding personal information has gained dramatically in significance and complexity. As online data sharing and data collection continue to expand rapidly, law and policy makers play catch up with the

Key Insights Introduction Over the last decade, the number of internet users worldwide has more than doubled. As of January 2024, the digital population consists of over 5.3 billion people.[1] In Africa, the number of recorded internet users increased almost

Key Insights This module explores key trends in online restrictions to freedom of expression, and important concepts and case studies for litigation relating to online speech. It is vital for legal practitioners and free speech advocates to have a strong

Key Insights Introduction “National security”(1) is one of the most common justifications offered by states for limiting freedom of expression by journalists, bloggers, and media organs. It is a legitimate restriction on fundamental rights and freedoms in the International Covenant

Key Insights Introduction Since at least the formation of the United Nations (UN) and the construction of a human rights regime founded in international law in 1948, the right to freedom of expression has become universally acknowledged. An example of