Propaganda

As detailed above and in module 6 of this series, unlike dis- and misinformation, the spread of propaganda for war is expressly prohibited in international law.(1) In these instances, direct legal remedies such as criminal prosecutions and interdictory or injunctive relief may result.  However, often propaganda does not meet the threshold for such a legal response.  In these instances, MIL strategies and campaigns and fact-checking, coupled with the publication of counter-narratives or counter‑disinformation, can be effective remedies.(2)