Conclusion

While the right of access to the internet is still arguably in the developmental stages, it is an indispensable enabler of the right to freedom of expression and, as with all human rights, can only be justifiably limited if a three-part test is met.  Additionally, restrictions on access to the internet may unduly infringe on freedom of expression and associated rights.  In a rapidly developing digital world, the internet is increasingly becoming a contested space, used both by those seeking to defend fundamental rights and those seeking to limit them.  The proper understating of concepts such as internet shutdowns, the blocking and filtering of content, net neutrality and intermediary liability are increasingly necessary to fully protect and promote the right to freedom of expression online.