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Each theme contains useful resources for lawyers on freedom of expression, click below to get started.

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Freedom of expression

An overview of the multi-faceted right to freedom of expression and how it is protected under international law.

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Digital rights

Understanding digital rights is crucial to protecting human rights, as little of our lives today is immune from the forces of technology and the internet.

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Restricting Internet access & online content

An overview of the ways in which access to the internet and online content are restricted around the world.

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Defamation & reputation

An overview of freedom of expression issues in the law, including how defamation is treated in domestic and international law.

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Privacy, security & data protection

An overview of the right to privacy, data protection, and protecting freedom of expression in a digital world.

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Cybercrimes

Describes the different types of cybercrimes, tracks the trends, and evaluates how cybercrimes are dealt with in international law.

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Hate speech

An overview of hate speech and how it is dealt with both under domestic and international law.

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Censorship by private actors

An overview of the ways in which access to content and freedom of expression online are restricted by private actors.

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False news, misinformation & propaganda

An overview of false news, misinformation and propaganda, including causes and potential solutions..

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Litigating freedom of expression

An overview of the various rights and concepts which encompass digital rights.

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Emerging Trend: Internet Shutdowns

An internet shutdown is an intentional disruption of internet or electronic communications, rendering them inaccessible or effectively unusable, for a specific population or within a location, often to exert control over the flow of information. A shutdown arises when someone, be it the government or a private sector actor, intentionally disrupts the internet, a telecommunications network or an internet service, arguably to control or curb what people say or do.

portable_wifi_off Restricting Internet access & online content · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · Africa · Asia · Europe · North America · Oceania · South America · Apr 2021

Ministra Nancy Andrighi v Google Brasil Internet Ltd and Others (2012)

The Superior Court of Brazil held that search engines cannot be compelled to remove search results relating to a specific term or expression.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Brazil · South America · Apr 2012

Kimel v. Argentina (2008)

The Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that the Argentinian state’s conviction of a journalist for criticising a judicial investigation was an unnecessary and disproportionate violation of freedom of expression, and ordered the state to reform the criminal laws protecting honour and reputation.

local_fire_department Defamation & reputation · Argentina · South America · Nov 2022

Defending the Media in Defamation Cases: Factsheet

Defamation can be described in a number of ways – but is broadly understood as the communication of a false statement that unjustly causes harm or detriment to legal or natural person’s reputation.

local_fire_department Defamation & reputation · Africa · Asia · Europe · North America · South America · Sep 2020

Módulo 10: Violencia contra periodistas (serie de módulos sobre américa latina)

En América Latina, la violencia se ha constituido como un mecanismo de intimidación contra la prensa que tiene como finalidad silenciar a quienes informan sobre asuntos de interés público.
Frente al fenómeno de violencia contra la prensa, los Estados deben proporcionar un entorno favorable para el ejercicio de la actividad periodística. Por lo tanto, deben desarrollar políticas integrales para la prevención, protección y procuración de justicia.

Latin America · North America · South America · Jan 2023

Emerging Trend: Surveillance & Encryption

In the digital world, in which our communications increasingly occur online or through digital channels and where we leave an ever-growing trail of data in the wake of so many of our daily activities, digital surveillance is a growing trend and a potential threat to freedom of expression and privacy.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · local_police Cybercrimes · Africa · Asia · Europe · North America · Oceania · South America · Apr 2021

Explaining the Issues: Criminal Libel

In our Explaining the Issues series, we explain legal issues faced by the media – this instalment covers criminal libel.

local_fire_department Defamation & reputation · thumb_down_alt Hate speech · Africa · Asia · Europe · North America · Oceania · South America · Oct 2013

Emilio Palacio Urrutia v Ecuador (2021)

The Inter-American Court of Human Rights found that the criminalisation of the dissemination “of an opinion article, about a matter of public interest referred to a public official” criminalised under defamation law was a violation of freedom of expression.

phonelink_lock Digital rights · local_fire_department Defamation & reputation · Ecuador · South America · Nov 2022

Defending the Media in Satire Cases: Factsheet

Despite such strong support for the protections which should be afforded to satire and the satirist, there is little case law which deals with the subject directly – at least in the international legal sphere – other than a handful of cases heard before the ECtHR.

Africa · Asia · Europe · North America · Oceania · South America · Sep 2020

Módulo 11: Introducción al litigio sobre libertad de expresión en América Latina (serie de módulos sobre américa latina)

Los Estados tienen una obligación negativa de respeto de los derechos humanos y tres obligaciones positivas que se complementan recíprocamente: la obligación de prevenir, la obligación de proteger y la obligación de investigar, juzgar y sancionar a los responsables de la violencia contra periodistas.
Los estándares y prácticas sobre prevención, protección y procuración de justicia en los casos de violencia contra periodistas y trabajadores de medios de comunicación se han construido a partir del estudio de diversos casos de litigio estratégico en la región ante el SIDH.

gavel Litigating freedom of expression · Latin America · North America · South America · Jan 2023