Conclusion

False news, comprising disinformation, misinformation, and mal-information, poses complex challenges in today’s digital realm. Addressing these requires multifaceted approaches. Media and Information Literacy (MIL) strategies, encompassing human rights, media literacy, and privacy awareness, serve as pivotal tools. Complementing this, fact-checking, social media verification, and counter-narratives aid in debunking false content. While legal measures exist, such as litigation for hate speech instances, caution must be exercised to prevent unintended consequences and prevent the stifling of the right to freedom of expression. By combining educational, technological, and legal strategies, combating false news becomes an ongoing endeavour vital to safeguarding the integrity of information dissemination.