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Each theme contains useful resources for lawyers on freedom of expression, click below to get started.

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Freedom of expression

An overview of the multi-faceted right to freedom of expression and how it is protected under international law.

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Digital rights

Understanding digital rights is crucial to protecting human rights, as little of our lives today is immune from the forces of technology and the internet.

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Restricting Internet access & online content

An overview of the ways in which access to the internet and online content are restricted around the world.

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Defamation & reputation

An overview of freedom of expression issues in the law, including how defamation is treated in domestic and international law.

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Privacy, security & data protection

An overview of the right to privacy, data protection, and protecting freedom of expression in a digital world.

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Cybercrimes

Describes the different types of cybercrimes, tracks the trends, and evaluates how cybercrimes are dealt with in international law.

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Hate speech

An overview of hate speech and how it is dealt with both under domestic and international law.

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Censorship by private actors

An overview of the ways in which access to content and freedom of expression online are restricted by private actors.

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False news, misinformation & propaganda

An overview of false news, misinformation and propaganda, including causes and potential solutions..

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Litigating freedom of expression

An overview of the various rights and concepts which encompass digital rights.

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Attorney General of Uganda and Another v Awadh and Others (2012)

The East African Court of Justice held that it would not adopt a flexible approach to the requirement to file references within two months of the alleged violation (the two-month rule).

gavel Litigating freedom of expression · Africa · Uganda · Apr 2012

Bosasa Operation (Pty) Ltd v Basson and Another (2012)

The High Court of South Africa held that journalists are not required to reveal their sources, subject to certain exceptions.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Africa · South Africa · Apr 2012

Ministra Nancy Andrighi v Google Brasil Internet Ltd and Others (2012)

The Superior Court of Brazil held that search engines cannot be compelled to remove search results relating to a specific term or expression.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Brazil · South America · Apr 2012

Ahmet Yıldırım v Turkey (2012)

The European Court of Human Rights held that a blocking order on a website hosting platform produced arbitrary effects, and that blocking segments of the internet for whole populations or segments of the public can never be justified.

portable_wifi_off Restricting Internet access & online content · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · Asia · Europe · Turkey · Apr 2012

Shreya Singhal v Union of India (2012)

The Supreme Court of India found that intermediaries are only liable when they have received actual knowledge from a court order, or have been notified by the government, and subsequently failed to remove or disable access to the information.

portable_wifi_off Restricting Internet access & online content · local_police Cybercrimes · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · gavel Litigating freedom of expression · Asia · India · Apr 2012

United States v Alvarez (2012)

In the majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court, Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that “[t]he remedy for speech that is false is speech that is true.  This is the ordinary course in a free society.”

record_voice_over Freedom of expression · portable_wifi_off Restricting Internet access & online content · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · dvr False news, misinformation & propaganda · US · Apr 2012