Freedom of expression
An overview of the multi-faceted right to freedom of expression and how it is protected under international law.
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Each theme contains useful resources for lawyers on freedom of expression, click below to get started.
Digital rights
Understanding digital rights is crucial to protecting human rights, as little of our lives today is immune from the forces of technology and the internet.
Restricting Internet access & online content
An overview of the ways in which access to the internet and online content are restricted around the world.
Defamation & reputation
An overview of freedom of expression issues in the law, including how defamation is treated in domestic and international law.
Privacy, security & data protection
An overview of the right to privacy, data protection, and protecting freedom of expression in a digital world.
Cybercrimes
Describes the different types of cybercrimes, tracks the trends, and evaluates how cybercrimes are dealt with in international law.
Hate speech
An overview of hate speech and how it is dealt with both under domestic and international law.
Censorship by private actors
An overview of the ways in which access to content and freedom of expression online are restricted by private actors.
False news, misinformation & propaganda
An overview of false news, misinformation and propaganda, including causes and potential solutions..
Litigating freedom of expression
An overview of the various rights and concepts which encompass digital rights.
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Modules on Online Violence against Journalists in Sub-Saharan Africa – Module 3: Combatting Online Violence Against Women Journalists
Modules on Online Violence against Journalists in Sub-Saharan Africa – Module 2: Module 2: Digital attacks and Online Gender-Based Violence
Modules on Online Violence against Journalists in Sub-Saharan Africa – Module 1: Violence Against Women Journalists in Sub-Saharan Africa
Regional and National Laws on Internet Shutdowns and Legal Mechanisms in sub-Saharan Africa
An internet shutdown can be defined as the intentional disruption of the internet or electronic communications to exert control over the flow of information. Such shutdowns may take the form of blocking access to websites, web pages, and social media pages, disrupting access and flow of information through internet mediums or blocking various websites. Internet…
Regional and National Laws on Platform Liability and Accountability in sub-Saharan Africa
UNESCO’s research published in 2022 found that 73% of women experienced online violence. It is documented that women journalists are often threatened with issues such as doxing, which in turn impact their ability to exercise their freedom of expression.[1] For the purpose of this factsheet, platform liability denotes the mechanisms by which various states hold…
Regional and National Laws and Mechanisms on Privacy and Online Safety in sub-Saharan Africa
In the context of inadequate legal protections for personal data combined with the abuse of existing laws by state agencies or companies, the issue of privacy and online safety is a critical issue to consider in the regional context of sub-Saharan Africa. This factsheet aims to provide a brief overview of the regional and national…
Advanced Module 6: Litigating Digital Rights in Africa (sub-Saharan Africa)
Provides an overview of key concepts and procedural requirements and the stages of litigation at various regional courts.
Advanced Module 5: Trends in Censorship by Private Actors (sub-Saharan Africa)
Provides an overview of the current ways in which non-state actors are facilitating online censorship.
Advanced Module 4: Privacy and Security Online (sub-Saharan Africa)
Provides an overview of the right to privacy, as it relates to issues such as data protection, surveillance, facial recognition, encryption, and online harassment.