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Middle East and North Africa
Legal Training Modules
Media Defence’s legal training modules provide practical, in-depth guidance on defending press freedom and addressing legal threats to journalism. They offer an overview of key legal frameworks, case law, and international standards, and form the foundation of our litigation surgeries.
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MENA
Introduction to UN and Regional Mechanisms
Introduction While human rights activism has long been a feature of human society in many different forms, the internationalisation of that movement only truly took root when the United Nations General Assembly…
Read moreNovember 2025 -
MENA
Violence against Journalists
Introduction Violence against journalists and others for exercising their right to freedom of expression poses a particularly serious threat to the realisation of this right. Besides violating the rights of the targets,…
Read moreNovember 2025 -
MENA
National Security
Introduction “National security” is a common justification offered by states for limiting freedom of expression by journalists, bloggers, and media organs. It is a legitimate ground for restricting freedom of expression in…
Read moreNovember 2025 -
MENA
‘False News’, Misinformation and Propaganda
Introduction The phenomenon of false news and misinformation has increased exponentially in recent times with the advent of the internet and social media platforms. While manipulating and distorting information is squarely part…
Read moreNovember 2025 -
MENA
Cybercrimes
Introduction The increase in internet access recently has created a number of new legal challenges. The internet is transnational and ubiquitous, and the new landscape created by the digital world has raised…
Read moreNovember 2025 -
MENA
Hate Speech
Introduction Despite the importance of freedom of expression, not all speech is protected under international law, and some limited forms of speech are required to be prohibited by states. Article 20 of…
Read moreNovember 2025