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واحد آموزشی ۱: اصول اساسی حقوق بین‌الملل و آزادی بیان واحد آموزشی ۲: مقدمه‌ای بر حقوق دیجیتال واحد آموزشی ۳: دسترسی به اینترنت واحد آموزشی ۴: حریم خصوصی داده‌ها و حفاظت از داده‌ها واحد آموزشی ۵: افترا واحد آموزشی ۶:

Introduction While human rights activism has long been a feature of human society in many different forms, the internationalisation of that movement only truly took root when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

Introduction Violence against journalists and others for exercising their right to freedom of expression poses a particularly serious threat to the realisation of this right. Besides violating the rights of the targets, such violence may lead to journalists self-censoring, especially

Introduction “National security” is a common justification offered by states for limiting freedom of expression by journalists, bloggers, and media organs. It is a legitimate ground for restricting freedom of expression in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Introduction The phenomenon of false news and misinformation has increased exponentially in recent times with the advent of the internet and social media platforms. While manipulating and distorting information is squarely part of the historical record, the weaponisation of information

Introduction The increase in internet access recently has created a number of new legal challenges. The internet is transnational and ubiquitous, and the new landscape created by the digital world has raised novel challenges when it comes to protecting fundamental

Introduction Despite the importance of freedom of expression, not all speech is protected under international law, and some limited forms of speech are required to be prohibited by states. Article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

• Defamation is frequently used to unjustly stifle dissent. However, it can provide a genuine remedy for those whose reputations are harmed by the statements or actions of others. • Criminal defamation is generally considered to be disproportionate under international

Introduction The right to privacy and the concomitant requirement to protect personal information or data has garnered significant attention since the dawn of the information age. While the internet and online information-sharing and data collection increase at an exponential rate,

Introduction In this module Access full module Disclaimer: This publication is provided for information and research purposes only. It does not constitute legal advice and should not be relied upon as such. While every effort has been made to ensure

• Digital rights — which include the right to freedom of expression, privacy and access to information — are the same fundamental human rights as those enjoyed offline but adapted to a new age of technology. • In understanding digital

Introduction Since at least the formation of the United Nations (UN) and the establishment of the modern regime of international human rights law in the wake of World War II, the right to freedom of expression has become universally acknowledged.