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Each theme contains useful resources for lawyers on freedom of expression, click below to get started.

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Freedom of expression

An overview of the multi-faceted right to freedom of expression and how it is protected under international law.

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Digital rights

Understanding digital rights is crucial to protecting human rights, as little of our lives today is immune from the forces of technology and the internet.

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Restricting Internet access & online content

An overview of the ways in which access to the internet and online content are restricted around the world.

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Defamation & reputation

An overview of freedom of expression issues in the law, including how defamation is treated in domestic and international law.

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Privacy, security & data protection

An overview of the right to privacy, data protection, and protecting freedom of expression in a digital world.

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Cybercrimes

Describes the different types of cybercrimes, tracks the trends, and evaluates how cybercrimes are dealt with in international law.

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Hate speech

An overview of hate speech and how it is dealt with both under domestic and international law.

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Censorship by private actors

An overview of the ways in which access to content and freedom of expression online are restricted by private actors.

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False news, misinformation & propaganda

An overview of false news, misinformation and propaganda, including causes and potential solutions..

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Litigating freedom of expression

An overview of the various rights and concepts which encompass digital rights.

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fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection

With technological developments leading to increased data flows and the concomitant need for the protection of personal information, the right to privacy is gaining prominence — and new meaning — around the world.

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Camera di Commercio, Industria, Artigianato e Agricoltura di Lecce v Salvatore Manni (2012)

The Court of Justice of the European Union declined to uphold a request to erase, anonymise or block data linking the applicant to the liquidation of his company contained in the companies register.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · Europe · Italy · Nov 2022

Maximillian Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner (2015)

The Court of Justice of the European Union held that data transferred from the EU to a country without sufficient data protection laws (the US) violated the data subject’s rights, and declared the Safe Harbour Decision invalid.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Europe · Ireland · Apr 2015

Gaughran v United Kingdom (2020)

The European Court of Human Rights held that the indefinite retention of data of a man who had a spent conviction was a violation of his privacy rights.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Europe · United Kingdom · Apr 2020

Ministra Nancy Andrighi v Google Brasil Internet Ltd (2012)

The Superior Tribunal of Justice in Brazil held that search engines cannot be compelled to remove search results relating to a specific term or expression.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · Brazil · South America · Nov 2022

Plaintiff X v PrimaDaNoi (2015)

Italy’s Supreme Court of Cassation held that the public interest in an article diminished after two and a half years, and that sensitive and private information should not be available to the public indefinitely.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Europe · Italy · Apr 2015

amaBhungane v Minister of Justice (2021)

The Constitutional Court of South Africa held that the Regulation of Interception of Communications Act (RICA), which regulated mass surveillance in South Africa, was unconstitutional.

record_voice_over Freedom of expression · phonelink_lock Digital rights · fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · local_police Cybercrimes · Africa · South Africa · Apr 2021

Arthur v Ghana Telecommunications Company (2021)

The High Court of Ghana ordered the National Communications Authority to stop collecting personal information from mobile phone subscribers and the government to delete data already collected within fourteen days.

phonelink_lock Digital rights · fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Africa · Ghana · Nov 2022

Tele2 Sverige AB v Post-och telestyrelsen and Secretary of State for the Home Department v. Watson (2016)

The European Court of Justice found that national legislation on mass surveillance of electronic communications for the purpose of fighting crime violated the right to privacy and the right to data protection.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Europe · Sweden · United Kingdom · Apr 2016

X v YouTube (2021)

The High Court of Delhi, India directed internet intermediaries to remove explicit videos of an actor that had been uploaded without her consent.

phonelink_lock Digital rights · local_fire_department Defamation & reputation · fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Asia · India · Nov 2022

Social and Economic Rights Action Centre and Another v Nigeria (2002)

The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights argued that although the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights does not contain an express provision on the right to privacy, the right can – and should – be read into the African Charter through to the right to respect for life, the right to dignity,…

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Africa · Nigeria · Apr 2002