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Each theme contains useful resources for lawyers on freedom of expression, click below to get started.

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Freedom of expression

An overview of the multi-faceted right to freedom of expression and how it is protected under international law.

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Digital rights

Understanding digital rights is crucial to protecting human rights, as little of our lives today is immune from the forces of technology and the internet.

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Restricting Internet access & online content

An overview of the ways in which access to the internet and online content are restricted around the world.

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Defamation & reputation

An overview of freedom of expression issues in the law, including how defamation is treated in domestic and international law.

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Privacy, security & data protection

An overview of the right to privacy, data protection, and protecting freedom of expression in a digital world.

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Cybercrimes

Describes the different types of cybercrimes, tracks the trends, and evaluates how cybercrimes are dealt with in international law.

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Hate speech

An overview of hate speech and how it is dealt with both under domestic and international law.

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Censorship by private actors

An overview of the ways in which access to content and freedom of expression online are restricted by private actors.

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False news, misinformation & propaganda

An overview of false news, misinformation and propaganda, including causes and potential solutions..

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Litigating freedom of expression

An overview of the various rights and concepts which encompass digital rights.

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fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection

With technological developments leading to increased data flows and the concomitant need for the protection of personal information, the right to privacy is gaining prominence — and new meaning — around the world.

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Curi et al v Globo Comunicação e Participações S/A (2021)

The Brazilian Federal Supreme Court held that a general right to be forgotten is incompatible with the Federal Constitution.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · Brazil · South America · Nov 2022

Camera di Commercio, Industria, Artigianato e Agricoltura di Lecce v Salvatore Manni (2017)

The Court of Justice of the European Union dismissed a request to be “forgotten” from a public company register.

portable_wifi_off Restricting Internet access & online content · fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · Europe · Italy · Apr 2017

Standard Verlagsgesellschaft mbH v Austria (no. 3) (2021)

The European Court of Human Rights ruled that requiring a media company to disclose the identities of registered users that had made comments on its site was a violation of freedom of expression due to the political nature of the comments and the failure to run a test on balancing competing interests.

phonelink_lock Digital rights · fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Austria · Europe · Nov 2022

Tele2 Sverige AB v Post-och telestyrelsen and Secretary of State for the Home Department v. Watson (2016)

The European Court of Justice found that national legislation on mass surveillance of electronic communications for the purpose of fighting crime violated the right to privacy and the right to data protection.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Europe · Sweden · United Kingdom · Apr 2016

Rout v State of Odisha (2020)

The High Court of Orissa, India held that the right to be forgotten is an integral part of the right to privacy and that there must be a mechanism through which a victim can protect her privacy by having the content deleted from the servers of intermediaries.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · local_police Cybercrimes · Asia · India · Nov 2022

South African National Editors Forum and Others v Black Land First and Others (2017)

The South African High Court granted an interdict sought by a group of journalists, following intimidation, harassment (including threats on social media), assault that they had been subjected to.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · local_police Cybercrimes · Africa · South Africa · Apr 2017

Hurbain v Belgium (2021)

The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section) held that an order enforcing the right to be forgotten of a person involved in a road accident through anonymisation did not breach the publisher’s freedom of expression.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · Belgium · Europe · Nov 2022

Antović and Mirković v Montenegro (2017)

The European Court of Human Rights found that camera surveillance of a person’s workplace amounted to an interference with the applicants’ right to privacy.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Europe · Montenegro · Apr 2017

P.H. v O.G. (2016)

The Belgian Court of Cassation confirmed the broad interpretation given to the “right to be forgotten” by a Belgian Court of Appeal.

phonelink_lock Digital rights · fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Belgium · Europe · Nov 2022

NT1 & NT2 v Google LLC (2018)

The England and Wales High Court ruled on requests for personal information to be “delisted” for “deindexed” from Google search results, upholding the request in one case and rejecting it in another.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Europe · United Kingdom · Apr 2018