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Each theme contains useful resources for lawyers on freedom of expression, click below to get started.

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Freedom of expression

An overview of the multi-faceted right to freedom of expression and how it is protected under international law.

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Digital rights

Understanding digital rights is crucial to protecting human rights, as little of our lives today is immune from the forces of technology and the internet.

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Restricting Internet access & online content

An overview of the ways in which access to the internet and online content are restricted around the world.

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Defamation & reputation

An overview of freedom of expression issues in the law, including how defamation is treated in domestic and international law.

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Privacy, security & data protection

An overview of the right to privacy, data protection, and protecting freedom of expression in a digital world.

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Cybercrimes

Describes the different types of cybercrimes, tracks the trends, and evaluates how cybercrimes are dealt with in international law.

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Hate speech

An overview of hate speech and how it is dealt with both under domestic and international law.

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Censorship by private actors

An overview of the ways in which access to content and freedom of expression online are restricted by private actors.

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False news, misinformation & propaganda

An overview of false news, misinformation and propaganda, including causes and potential solutions..

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Litigating freedom of expression

An overview of the various rights and concepts which encompass digital rights.

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Spyware & Digital Surveillance: Factsheet

In the world of advanced methods of data collection, graphics processing and algorithms, there is wide-spread concern that the increasing prevalence of spyware and digital surveillance pose a serious threat to human rights, most notably, privacy and freedom of expression. Spyware and surveillance may take various forms, including but not limited to electronic trackers, security…

record_voice_over Freedom of expression · phonelink_lock Digital rights · portable_wifi_off Restricting Internet access & online content · fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · local_police Cybercrimes · Africa · Asia · Europe · North America · Oceania · South America · Apr 2021

Módulo 1: Principios de derecho internacional y libertad de expresión (serie de módulos sobre américa latina)

La libertad de expresión es uno de los derechos que se ha beneficiado de esta tendencia, sin embargo este derecho está cada vez más amenazado por los drásticos cambios en el ecosistema de medios de comunicación y por el mismo flujo de información proveniente del Internet.

record_voice_over Freedom of expression · gavel Litigating freedom of expression · Latin America · North America · South America · Jan 2023

Advanced Module 5: Trends in Censorship by Private Actors (sub-Saharan Africa)

Provides an overview of the current ways in which non-state actors are facilitating online censorship.

local_fire_department Defamation & reputation · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · gavel Litigating freedom of expression · Africa · Asia · Europe · North America · Oceania · South America · Aug 2020

Módulo 12: Introducción al sistema universal de protección de los derechos humanos (serie de módulos sobre américa latina)

El sistema universal de los derechos humanos se desarrolló a partir del interés común de la comunidad internacional de establecer límites a los Estados y establecer mecanismos para la garantía de los derechos humanos y compromisos internacionales sobre la materia y la democracia. Tras las distintas guerras y atrocidades de la primera mitad del siglo XX, la comunidad internacional sentó las bases normativas de lo que a posteriori se conocería como la Carta Internacional de Derechos Humanos o “Internacional Bill of Rights”. Esta es conformada por la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, S

record_voice_over Freedom of expression · North America · South America · Jan 2023

Explaining the Issues: Internet Shutdowns

In our Explaining the Issues series, we explain legal issues faced by the media – this instalment covers internet shutdowns.

phonelink_lock Digital rights · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · gavel Litigating freedom of expression · Africa · Asia · Europe · North America · Oceania · South America · Oct 2020

Módulo 2: Introducción a los derechos digitales (serie de módulos sobre américa latina)

Los derechos digitales -que incluyen el derecho a la libertad de expresión, la privacidad y el acceso a la información- son los mismos derechos humanos fundamentales que se disfrutan fuera de Internet, pero adaptados a las nuevas tecnologías.

phonelink_lock Digital rights · Latin America · North America · South America · Jan 2023

Advanced Module 6: Litigating Digital Rights in Africa (sub-Saharan Africa)

Provides an overview of key concepts and procedural requirements and the stages of litigation at various regional courts.

record_voice_over Freedom of expression · phonelink_lock Digital rights · gavel Litigating freedom of expression · Africa · Asia · Europe · North America · Oceania · South America · Aug 2020

Explaining the Issues: Criminal Libel

In our Explaining the Issues series, we explain legal issues faced by the media – this instalment covers criminal libel.

local_fire_department Defamation & reputation · thumb_down_alt Hate speech · Africa · Asia · Europe · North America · Oceania · South America · Oct 2013

Módulo 3: Acceso a internet (serie de módulos sobre américa latina)

El derecho internacional no reconoce expresamente el derecho a Internet. Sin embargo, es ampliamente aceptado que el acceso a Internet permite el ejercicio de múltiplos derechos fundamentales.

portable_wifi_off Restricting Internet access & online content · Latin America · North America · South America · Jan 2023

Herrera-Ulloa v Costa Rica (2004)

The Inter-American Court of Human Rights held that Costa Rica’s criminal defamation law violated the American Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees freedom of expression.

record_voice_over Freedom of expression · local_fire_department Defamation & reputation · gavel Litigating freedom of expression · Costa Rica · North America · Apr 2004