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Each theme contains useful resources for lawyers on freedom of expression, click below to get started.

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Freedom of expression

An overview of the multi-faceted right to freedom of expression and how it is protected under international law.

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Digital rights

Understanding digital rights is crucial to protecting human rights, as little of our lives today is immune from the forces of technology and the internet.

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Restricting Internet access & online content

An overview of the ways in which access to the internet and online content are restricted around the world.

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Defamation & reputation

An overview of freedom of expression issues in the law, including how defamation is treated in domestic and international law.

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Privacy, security & data protection

An overview of the right to privacy, data protection, and protecting freedom of expression in a digital world.

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Cybercrimes

Describes the different types of cybercrimes, tracks the trends, and evaluates how cybercrimes are dealt with in international law.

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Hate speech

An overview of hate speech and how it is dealt with both under domestic and international law.

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Censorship by private actors

An overview of the ways in which access to content and freedom of expression online are restricted by private actors.

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False news, misinformation & propaganda

An overview of false news, misinformation and propaganda, including causes and potential solutions..

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Litigating freedom of expression

An overview of the various rights and concepts which encompass digital rights.

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Digital Rights Ireland Ltd v Minister of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources et al (2014)

The European Court of Justice held that a European Union directive requiring Internet Service Providers to store telecommunications data in order to facilitate the prevention and prosecution of crime was found to be invalid.

fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Austria · Europe · Ireland · Apr 2014

Media Defence Training Manual on International and Comparative Media and Freedom of Expression Law

The Media Defence manual on international and comparative media and freedom of expression law consists of a 136-page guide to international and comparative freedom of expression law, introducing topics ranging from defamation to national security restrictions on free speech.

record_voice_over Freedom of expression · local_fire_department Defamation & reputation · thumb_down_alt Hate speech · gavel Litigating freedom of expression · Africa · Asia · Europe · North America · Oceania · South America · Aug 2019

Big Brother Watch v. the United Kingdom (No. 2) (2021)

The Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights held that a provision of the United Kingdom’s surveillance law that enabled regimes on bulk interception and obtaining data from communications service providers violated the rights to privacy and freedom of expression.

phonelink_lock Digital rights · fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Europe · United Kingdom · Nov 2022

P.H. v O.G (2016)

The Belgian Court of Cassation recognised the right to be forgotten.

pan_tool Censorship by private actors · Belgium · Europe · Apr 2016

Advanced Module 5: Trends in Censorship by Private Actors (sub-Saharan Africa)

Provides an overview of the current ways in which non-state actors are facilitating online censorship.

local_fire_department Defamation & reputation · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · gavel Litigating freedom of expression · Africa · Asia · Europe · North America · Oceania · South America · Aug 2020

The European Court Considers Media Defence’s Joint Intervention in Important Decision on Intermediary Liability

portable_wifi_off Restricting Internet access & online content · Europe · United Kingdom · Oct 2017

Emerging Trend: Internet Shutdowns

An internet shutdown is an intentional disruption of internet or electronic communications, rendering them inaccessible or effectively unusable, for a specific population or within a location, often to exert control over the flow of information. A shutdown arises when someone, be it the government or a private sector actor, intentionally disrupts the internet, a telecommunications network or an internet service, arguably to control or curb what people say or do.

portable_wifi_off Restricting Internet access & online content · pan_tool Censorship by private actors · Africa · Asia · Europe · North America · Oceania · South America · Apr 2021

ECtHR Vindicates Hidden Camera’s Role in Watchdog Journalism

pan_tool Censorship by private actors · Europe · Switzerland · Mar 2015

European Court of Human Rights Finds Hungary’s Refusal to Allow Journalist Access to Asylum Seekers’ Centre Interfered with Press Freedom

record_voice_over Freedom of expression · Europe · Hungary · Oct 2019

Standard Verlagsgesellschaft mbH v Austria (no. 3) (2021)

The European Court of Human Rights ruled that requiring a media company to disclose the identities of registered users that had made comments on its site was a violation of freedom of expression due to the political nature of the comments and the failure to run a test on balancing competing interests.

phonelink_lock Digital rights · fingerprint Privacy, security & data protection · Austria · Europe · Nov 2022