Freedom of expression
An overview of the multi-faceted right to freedom of expression and how it is protected under international law.
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Each theme contains useful resources for lawyers on freedom of expression, click below to get started.
Digital rights
Understanding digital rights is crucial to protecting human rights, as little of our lives today is immune from the forces of technology and the internet.
Restricting Internet access & online content
An overview of the ways in which access to the internet and online content are restricted around the world.
Defamation & reputation
An overview of freedom of expression issues in the law, including how defamation is treated in domestic and international law.
Privacy, security & data protection
An overview of the right to privacy, data protection, and protecting freedom of expression in a digital world.
Cybercrimes
Describes the different types of cybercrimes, tracks the trends, and evaluates how cybercrimes are dealt with in international law.
Hate speech
An overview of hate speech and how it is dealt with both under domestic and international law.
Censorship by private actors
An overview of the ways in which access to content and freedom of expression online are restricted by private actors.
False news, misinformation & propaganda
An overview of false news, misinformation and propaganda, including causes and potential solutions..
Litigating freedom of expression
An overview of the various rights and concepts which encompass digital rights.
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Advanced Module 2: Restricting Access and Content (sub-Saharan Africa)
Provides an overview of the current mechanisms through which access to the internet and access to content is restricted.
Defamation Liability Should Not Extend to Publishers for Hyperlinking – Media Defence Files Intervention to European Court
Photojournalism: Factsheet
What is photojournalism? Photojournalism is defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary as “journalism in which written copy is subordinate to pictorial usually photographic presentation of news stories or in which a high proportion of pictorial presentation is used.” Photojournalism is a crucial aspect of modern reporting, and is becoming even more so in societies in which photography…
Camera di Commercio, Industria, Artigianato e Agricoltura di Lecce v Salvatore Manni (2012)
The Court of Justice of the European Union declined to uphold a request to erase, anonymise or block data linking the applicant to the liquidation of his company contained in the companies register.
Explaining the Issues: Criminal Libel
In our Explaining the Issues series, we explain legal issues faced by the media – this instalment covers criminal libel.
Stocker v Stocker (2019)
The United Kingdom Supreme Court created a new sub-category of the ‘reasonable reader’ of a social media post in analysing the intended meaning of a statement, rather than relying on a more traditional and formal understanding of language.
Kalda v Estonia (2016)
The European Court of Human Rights held that the right of the applicant — a prisoner — to freedom of expression had been violated through the refusal to grant him access to internet websites containing legal information, as this had breached his right to receive information.
Advanced Module 3: Criminalisation of Online Speech (sub-Saharan Africa)
Sets out the applicable international human rights standards and provides an overview of fundamental international and regional legal principles.