{"id":986,"date":"2022-09-21T17:07:22","date_gmt":"2022-09-21T16:07:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=986"},"modified":"2022-09-22T11:12:25","modified_gmt":"2022-09-22T10:12:25","slug":"strategies-to-address-false-news","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/modules-on-litigating-freedom-of-expression-and-digital-rights-in-south-and-southeast-asia\/module-8-false-news-misinformation-and-propaganda\/strategies-to-address-false-news\/","title":{"rendered":"Strategies to Address &#8216;False News&#8217;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>Media and Information Literacy (MIL) Strategies and Campaigns<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a point of departure, UNESCO proposes MIL strategies and campaigns as a process which enables the detection and mitigation of dis- and misinformation and a means to combat its spread, particularly online.[footnote]UNESCO, \u2018Journalism, Fake News &amp; Disinformation\u2019 (2018) at p.70 (accessible at <a href=\"https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pdf<\/a>.[\/footnote] MIL is an umbrella and inter-related concept which encompasses the following ideas:[footnote]<em>Id <\/em>at p.70[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Human rights literacy<\/strong> which relates to the fundamental rights afforded to all persons, including the right to freedom of expression, and the promotion and protection of these fundamental rights.<\/li><li><strong>News literacy<\/strong> which refers an understanding of the news media, including journalistic standards and ethics.This includes, for example, the ability to understand the \u201clanguage and conventions of news as a genre and to recognise how these features can be exploited with malicious intent.\u201d<\/li><li><strong>Advertising literacy <\/strong>which refers to understanding how advertising online works and how profits are driven in the online economy.<\/li><li><strong>Computer literacy <\/strong>which refers to basic IT usage and understanding the easy manner in which headlines, images, and, increasingly, videos can be manipulated to promote a particular narrative.<\/li><li><strong>Understanding the \u201cattention economy\u201d<\/strong>, which is one of the causes of dis- and misinformation, based on pressure on journalists and editors to focus on click-bait headlines and misleading imagery to grab the attention of users and, in turn, drive online advertising revenue.<\/li><li><strong>Privacy and intercultural literacy <\/strong>which relatesto understanding standards on the right to privacy and a broader understanding of how communications interact with induvial identity and social developments.[footnote]Id at p.70[\/footnote]<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MIL strategies and campaigns, such as the COVID-19 campaign by the UN detailed below, should underscore the importance of media and information literacy in general but should also include a degree of philosophical understanding.&nbsp; According to UNESCO, \u201c[MIL strategies and campaigns should assist users] grasp that authentic news does not constitute the full \u2018truth\u2019 (which is something only approximated in human interactions with each other and with reality over time).\u201d[footnote]<em>Id<\/em> at p.72.[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group highlight\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/un-coronavirus-communications-team\/five-ways-united-nations-fighting-%E2%80%98infodemic%E2%80%99-misinformation.\">Five ways the UN is fighting \u2018infodemic\u2019 of misinformation<\/a>\u201d<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The COVID-19 pandemic has generated significant amounts of dis- and misinformation, ranging from allegations about how to use disinfectants to combat the virus to false claims that the virus can spread through radio waves and mobile networks. &nbsp;In order to counter this \u201cinfodemic\u201d, the UN has taken five steps:[footnote]Accessible at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/un-coronavirus-communications-team\/five-ways-united-nations-fighting-%E2%80%98infodemic%E2%80%99-misinformation\">https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/un-coronavirus-communications-team\/five-ways-united-nations-fighting-%E2%80%98infodemic%E2%80%99-misinformation<\/a>.[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li><strong>Produce and disseminate facts and accurate information<\/strong>. &nbsp;The UN identified the World Health Organisation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/\">WHO<\/a>) as the lead agency in the battle against the pandemic, responsible for transmitting authoritative information based on science while also seeking to counter myths.&nbsp; Identifying sources such as the WHO that produce and disseminate facts is a central tenet to countering dis- and misinformation.<\/li><li><strong>Partner with platforms and suitable partners<\/strong>. &nbsp;Allied to the distribution of accurate information is finding the right partners.&nbsp; The UN and the WHO have partnered with the International Telecommunications Union (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/Pages\/default.aspx\">ITU<\/a>) and the UN Children\u2019s Fund (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/\">UNICEF<\/a>) to help persuade all telecommunications companies worldwide to circulate factual text messages about the virus.<\/li><li><strong>Work with the media and journalists<\/strong>.&nbsp; UNESCO has published two policy briefs that assess the COVID-19 pandemic which assist journalists working on the frontlines of the \u201cinfodemic\u201d around the world to provide accurate, trustworthy and verifiable public health information.<\/li><li><strong>Mobilise civil society<\/strong>.&nbsp; Through the UN Department of Global Communications, key information on opportunities to access, participate and contribute to UN processes during COVID-19 have been communicated to civil society organisations (CSOs) to help ensure that all relevant stakeholders ae connected.<\/li><li><strong>Speak out for rights<\/strong>.&nbsp; Michelle Bachelet, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, recently joined a chorus of other activists, to speak out against restrictive measures imposed by states against independent media, as well as the arrest and intimidation of journalists, arguing that the free flow of information is vital in fighting COVID-19.<\/li><\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>Litigation Where Justifiable Limitations Exist<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/professionalinterest\/pages\/ccpr.aspx\">ICCPR<\/a>) provides in article 20 that \u201cpropaganda for war shall be prohibited by law\u201d and that \u201cadvocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, article 4(a) of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/professionalinterest\/pages\/cerd.aspx\">CERD<\/a>) requires that the dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination, as well as all acts of violence or incitement to such acts against any race or group of persons of another colour or ethnic origin, must be declared an offence that is punishable by law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite the importance of freedom of expression, not all speech is protected under international law, and some limited types of speech are required to be prohibited by states.&nbsp; However, there is a need for clear and narrowly circumscribed definitions of what is meant by the term \u201chate speech\u201d, and objective criteria that can be applied.&nbsp; Over-regulation of hate speech can violate the right to freedom of expression, while under-regulation may lead to discrimination, harassment or violence against minorities and protected groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In instances where dis- and misinformation is so egregious that it meets the definitional elements of hate speech, prosecutions may be a useful and important tool in the protection and promotion of fundamental rights, includes the right to equality and dignity.[footnote]For a useful discussion on the balancing of rights see T. Mendel, <em>Study on International Standards Relating to Incitement to Genocide or Racial Hatred<\/em>, 2006 (accessible at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.concernedhistorians.org\/to\/239.pdf\">http:\/\/www.concernedhistorians.org\/to\/239.pdf<\/a>).[\/footnote] However, such litigation should be fully considered for unintended consequences and the possibility of jurisprudence which may negatively impact freedom of expression.&nbsp; Depending on the content of the speech and the harm that it causes, the publication of counter-narratives may constitute a useful complementary strategy to litigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For more information on this topic, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/modules-on-litigating-freedom-of-expression-and-digital-rights-in-south-and-southeast-asia\/module-6-hate-speech\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">see module 6 of this series<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>Fact-checking and Social Media Verification<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alongside MIL strategies and campaigns and prosecuting instances of hate speech, another effective tool to combat dis- and misinformation is fact-checking and social media verification.&nbsp; According to the Duke Reporters\u2019 Lab, in 2021 there were over 391 fact-checking projects debunking false news and misinformation in more than 100 countries, a sizeable increase from 186 projects in 2016, although the rate of growth has been slowing.[footnote]Duke Reporters\u2019 Lab, \u2018Fact-checkers extend their global reach with 391 outlets, but growth has slowed\u2019 (17 June 2022) (accessible at: <a href=\"https:\/\/reporterslab.org\/fact-checkers-extend-their-global-reach-with-391-outlets-but-growth-has-slowed\/\">https:\/\/reporterslab.org\/fact-checkers-extend-their-global-reach-with-391-outlets-but-growth-has-slowed\/<\/a>).[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In general, fact-checking and verification processes, which were first introduced by US weekly magazines such as <em>Time<\/em> in the 1920s,[footnote]UNESCO, \u2018Journalism, Fake News &amp; Disinformation\u2019 (2018) at p.81 (accessible at <a href=\"https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pd\">https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pd<\/a>f.[\/footnote] consist of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Ex-ante fact-checking and verification<\/strong>.&nbsp; Increasingly and due to shrinking newsroom budgets, ex-ante (or before the event) fact-checking is reserved for more prominent and established newsroom and publications who employ dedicated fact-checkers.[footnote]<em>Id<\/em>.[\/footnote]<\/li><li><strong>Ex-post fact-checking, verification and \u201cdebunking\u201d<\/strong>.&nbsp; This method of fact-checking is becoming increasingly popular and focuses on checking information published after the fact.&nbsp; It concentrates \u201cprimarily (but not exclusively) on political ads, campaign speeches and political party manifestos\u201d and seeks to make politicians and other public figures accountable for the truthfulness of their statements.[footnote]<em>Id<\/em> at p.82[\/footnote] Debunking is a subset of fact\u2011checking and requires a specific set of verification skills, increasingly in relation to user-generated content on social media platforms.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to these tools, various other social media measures can be used. One which has attracted more attention recently is the prioritisation of verifiable content and deprioritisation of false content. Fact-checking is central to strategies to combat dis- and misinformation and has grown exponentially in recent years due to the increasing spread of false news and misinformation, and the need to debunk viral hoaxes.[footnote]For more resources on the legal defence of factcheckers, see the Fact-Checkers Legal Support Initiative (accessible at: <a href=\"https:\/\/factcheckerlegalsupport.org\/\">https:\/\/factcheckerlegalsupport.org\/<\/a>).[\/footnote] Alongside MIL strategies and campaigns, fact-checking and social media verification is becoming increasingly important in the fight against false news and misinformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group highlight\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><strong>Regional Initiatives to Address Disinformation and Misinformation<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, many states have resorted to combatting disinformation and misinformation through repressive means, contrary to international standards. &nbsp;For example, in March 2020, the Philippines enacted the <em>Bayanihan to Heal as One Act<\/em>, which declared the pandemic a national emergency and included a provision criminalising the spread of false information.[footnote]Republic Act No. 11469, section 6(f) (2020), (accessible at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pnl-law.com\/blog\/bayanihan-to-heal-as-one-act-republic-act-no-11469-full-text\/\">https:\/\/pnl-law.com\/blog\/bayanihan-to-heal-as-one-act-republic-act-no-11469-full-text\/<\/a>); see also Jeremiah Joven B Joaquin and Hazel T Biana, \u2018Philippine crimes of dissent: Free speech in the time of COVID-19\u2019, <em>Crime Media Culture<\/em> Vol. 17(1) 37\u201341 (2021), (accessible at: <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1741659020946181\">https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1741659020946181<\/a>).[\/footnote] Similar anti-\u2018fake news\u2019 criminal provisions were introduced in other states in Asia, including Vietnam,[footnote]Reuters, Phuong Nguyen and James Pearson, \u2018Vietnam introduces &#8216;fake news&#8217; fines for coronavirus misinformation\u2019(2020), (accessible at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-vietnam-security-idUSKCN21X0EB\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-vietnam-security-idUSKCN21X0EB<\/a>).[\/footnote] Bangladesh[footnote]Human Rights Watch, Meenakshi Ganguly, \u2018Limiting Free Speech Undermines the Fight Against Covid-19, (2021) (accessible at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/02\/24\/limiting-free-speech-undermines-fight-against-covid-19\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/02\/24\/limiting-free-speech-undermines-fight-against-covid-19<\/a>).[\/footnote] and Thailand.[footnote]International Federation of Journalists, \u2018Thailand: New regulation curtails free speech\u2019 (2021) (accessible at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ifj.org\/media-centre\/news\/detail\/category\/press-releases\/article\/thailand-new-regulation-curtails-free-speech.html\">https:\/\/www.ifj.org\/media-centre\/news\/detail\/category\/press-releases\/article\/thailand-new-regulation-curtails-free-speech.html<\/a>).[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite such worrying trends, there have been certain initiatives aimed at combatting disinformation and misinformation through non-repressive means. &nbsp;In January 2022, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Senior Officials Meeting on Education launched the <em>Training-of-Trainers Program to Counter Disinformation and Promote Media Literacy.<\/em>[footnote]Association of Southeast Asian Nations, \u2018New ASEAN initiative emphasises education as key to media literacy and countering disinformation\u2019 (2022) (accessible at: <a href=\"https:\/\/asean.org\/new-asean-initiative-emphasizes-education-as-key-to-media-literacy-and-countering-disinformation\/\">https:\/\/asean.org\/new-asean-initiative-emphasizes-education-as-key-to-media-literacy-and-countering-disinformation\/<\/a> ).[\/footnote] This project focuses on the role of education in combatting disinformation and aims to provide resources to educators to enhance critical thinking among students regarding social media and the risks of disinformation.[footnote]<em>Id<\/em>.[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Asia Internet Coalition, an industry group counting multiple major technology companies such as Meta (Facebook) and Google,[footnote]See Asia Internet Coalition, \u2018Members\u2019 (accessible at: <a href=\"https:\/\/aicasia.org\/members\/\">https:\/\/aicasia.org\/members\/<\/a>).[\/footnote] has also been advocating for non-censorship-based approaches to combatting disinformation. &nbsp;Initiatives by this coalition and other internet companies, sometimes in partnership with journalists and civil society, include \u201cestablishing and maintaining fact-checking programs, conducting research into the issue, and investing in the development and roll out of digital literacy training to millions of people in the region.\u201d[footnote]The Diplomat, Jeff Paine, \u2018The Future of Asia\u2019s Battle Against Online Misinformation\u2019 (2021), (accessible at: <a href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2021\/06\/the-future-of-asias-battle-against-online-misinformation\/\">https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2021\/06\/the-future-of-asias-battle-against-online-misinformation\/<\/a>).[\/footnote]<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Media and Information Literacy (MIL) Strategies and Campaigns As a point of departure, UNESCO proposes MIL strategies and campaigns as a process which enables the detection and mitigation of dis- and misinformation and a means to combat its spread, particularly online.[footnote]UNESCO, \u2018Journalism, Fake News &amp; Disinformation\u2019 (2018) at p.70 (accessible at https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pdf.[\/footnote] MIL is an [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":980,"menu_order":150,"template":"page-templates\/chapter.php","publication-category":[],"class_list":["post-986","publication","type-publication","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Strategies to Address &#039;False News&#039; | eReader<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/modules-on-litigating-freedom-of-expression-and-digital-rights-in-south-and-southeast-asia\/module-8-false-news-misinformation-and-propaganda\/strategies-to-address-false-news\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" 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Information Literacy (MIL) Strategies and Campaigns As a point of departure, UNESCO proposes MIL strategies and campaigns as a process which enables the detection and mitigation of dis- and misinformation and a means to combat its spread, particularly online.[footnote]UNESCO, \u2018Journalism, Fake News &amp; Disinformation\u2019 (2018) at p.70 (accessible at https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pdf.[\/footnote] MIL is an [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/modules-on-litigating-freedom-of-expression-and-digital-rights-in-south-and-southeast-asia\/module-8-false-news-misinformation-and-propaganda\/strategies-to-address-false-news\/","og_site_name":"eReader","article_modified_time":"2022-09-22T10:12:25+00:00","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"8 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