{"id":919,"date":"2022-09-20T16:37:30","date_gmt":"2022-09-20T15:37:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=919"},"modified":"2022-09-22T11:37:33","modified_gmt":"2022-09-22T10:37:33","slug":"interferences-with-access-to-the-internet","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/modules-on-litigating-freedom-of-expression-and-digital-rights-in-south-and-southeast-asia\/module-3-access-to-the-internet\/interferences-with-access-to-the-internet\/","title":{"rendered":"Interferences with Access to the Internet"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some of the ways in which access to the internet is interfered with are through internet shutdowns, the disruption of online networks and social media sites, and the blocking and filtering of content. &nbsp;Such interferences represent severe restrictions on the enjoyment of the right to freedom of expression, as well as the enjoyment of a range of other rights and services (including mobile banking, online trade and the ability to access government services via the internet). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The act of disrupting or blocking access to internet services and websites amounts to a form of prior restraint. \u00a0Prior restraints are State actions that prohibit speech or other forms of expression before they can take place.[footnote]Council of Europe, \u2018Prior Restrains and Freedom Of Expression: The Necessity of Embedding Procedural Safeguards in Domestic System\u2019 (May 2018), (accessible at: <a href=\"https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/factsheet-prior-restraints-rev25may2018\/16808ae88c\">https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/factsheet-prior-restraints-rev25may2018\/16808ae88c<\/a>).[\/footnote] Due to the profound chilling effect prior restraint can have on the exercise of the right to freedom of expression, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/professionalinterest\/pages\/ccpr.aspx\">ICCPR<\/a>) has been interpreted as prohibiting most forms of prior restraint on speech.[footnote]See, for example,the <em>travaux pr\u00e9paratoires <\/em>of the ICCPR as elaborated upon in Marc J. Bossuyt, \u2018Guide to the &#8220;Travaux Preparatoires&#8221; of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights\u2019,Martinus Nijhoff (1987) at p\u00a0398.[\/footnote] The American Convention on Human Rights contains a much more explicit prohibition on prior restraints.[footnote]Article 13: \u201c1.\u00a0Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and expression.\u00a0 This right includes freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing, in print, in the form of art, or through any other medium of one&#8217;s choice.\u00a0 2.\u00a0 The exercise of the right provided for in the foregoing paragraph shall not be subject to prior censorship but shall be subject to subsequent imposition of liability, which shall be expressly established by law to the extent necessary to ensure: a.\u00a0respect for the rights or reputations of others; or b.\u00a0the protection of national security, public order, or public health or morals.\u201d[\/footnote] The justification of any such measure therefore comes with a heavy burden of justification under the three-part test for restrictions on freedom of expression <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/modules-on-litigating-freedom-of-expression-and-digital-rights-in-south-and-southeast-asia\/module-1-key-principles-of-international-law-and-freedom-of-expression\/the-right-to-freedom-of-expression-under-international-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">detailed in Module 1<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Some of the ways in which access to the internet is interfered with are through internet shutdowns, the disruption of online networks and social media sites, and the blocking and filtering of content. &nbsp;Such interferences represent severe restrictions on the enjoyment of the right to freedom of expression, as well as the enjoyment of a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":916,"menu_order":52,"template":"page-templates\/chapter.php","publication-category":[],"class_list":["post-919","publication","type-publication","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Interferences with Access to the Internet | eReader<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/modules-on-litigating-freedom-of-expression-and-digital-rights-in-south-and-southeast-asia\/module-3-access-to-the-internet\/interferences-with-access-to-the-internet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Interferences with 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