{"id":1653,"date":"2024-06-12T11:04:20","date_gmt":"2024-06-12T10:04:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\/privacy-data-protection-copy\/"},"modified":"2024-06-17T08:45:30","modified_gmt":"2024-06-17T07:45:30","slug":"ddos-attacks","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\/ddos-attacks\/","title":{"rendered":"Denial of Service Attacks"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Denial of Service (DoS)<\/strong>: A DoS attack is defined as a \u201ccyberattack that temporarily or indefinitely causes a website or network to crash or become inoperable by overwhelming a system with data.\u201d[footnote]PEN America, accessible at https:\/\/onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org\/defining-online-harassment-a-glossary-of-terms\/.[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Distributed denial of service attack (DDoS)<\/strong>: A DDoS attack involves the malicious use of multiple distributed computers and connections to attack and disrupt the normal traffic of a targeted journalist\u2019s devices, service, or network with an overwhelming flood of Internet traffic with the aim of making these inaccessible.[footnote]Id. See also: Cloudflare, \u2018What is a DDoS attack?\u2019, (accessible at https:\/\/www.cloudflare.com\/learning\/ddos\/what-is-a-ddos-attack\/); UNESCO, \u2018Building Digital Safety For Journalism &#8211; A Survey Of Selected Issues\u2019 (2015) (accessible at https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000232358).[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group highlight\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">DDoS attacks in Africa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In November 2021, SEACOM, an ICT service provider, reported that \u201cAfrica experienced 382,500 DDoS attacks between January and July 2021.\u201d <strong>Kenya<\/strong> and <strong>South Africa<\/strong>, both ardent champions of digitisation and Internet access, accounted for a staggering 59% of these attacks.[footnote]SEACOM, \u2018Latest research shows DDoS attacks up by 300% in Africa since 2019\u2019 (2021) (accessible at https:\/\/seacom.com\/media-centre\/latest-research-shows-ddos-attacks-300-africa-2019\/).[\/footnote] <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>International law and standards<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DoS and DDoS attacks have a disproportionate impact on the right to freedom of expression, media freedom and the public\u2019s right to information, and privacy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Freedom of expression<\/strong>: These attacks effectively heighten censorship and present significant hurdles as they impede information dissemination and viewing, directly censoring content.[footnote]UNESCO, \u2018Building Digital Safety for Journalism &#8211; A Survey of Selected Issues\u2019 (2015) (accessible at https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000232358).[\/footnote] Whether perpetrated by State actors or their proxies, contradicts Article 19 of the ICCPR. Given their clandestine and unlawful nature, these actions typically violate the legal requirement for restrictions on freedom of expression. [footnote]UNSR, \u2018Research Paper 1\/2019: Freedom of Expression and Elections in the Digital Age\u2019 (2019) (accessible at https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Issues\/Opinion\/ElectionsReportDigitalAge.pdf).[\/footnote] They also disrupt access to entire online platforms, hindering the dissemination of vital and time-sensitive information. Consequently, such measures are nearly always unnecessary and disproportionate under Article 19(3).[footnote]Id.[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Media freedom and the public\u2019s right to know:<\/strong> Under international law, all journalists have the right to work free from the threat of violence to ensure the right to freedom of opinion and expression for all.[footnote]UNESCO, \u2018Freedom of expression: A fundamental human right underpinning all civil liberties\u2019, (accessible at https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/70years\/freedom_of_expression).[\/footnote] These attacks directly impact journalists\u2019 and news organisations\u2019 ability to provide and disseminate news and information, amounting to a curtailment of media freedom and the right of journalists to freely impart information.[footnote]AlterMidya, \u2018DDoS attacks: A menace to the people\u2019s right to know\u2019 (2021) (accessible at https:\/\/www.altermidya.net\/ddos-attacks-a-menace-to-the-peoples-right-to-know\/).[\/footnote] Additionally, these attacks restrict the public\u2019s right to know by preventing some or all Internet users from accessing targeted content and websites.[footnote]Susan McGregor, \u2018Why DDoS attacks matter for journalists\u2019(2016) (accessible at https:\/\/www.cjr.org\/tow_center\/journalists_ddos_hack_passwords.php).[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Privacy:<\/strong> The UNHRC, in its Resolution on the Safety of Journalists, has emphasised that DoS attacks which \u201cforce the shutdown of particular media websites or services amount to a violation of journalists\u2019 rights to privacy and to freedom of expression.\u201d[footnote]UNHRC \u2018Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council on the safety of journalists\u2019 (2020) (accessible at https:\/\/ap.ohchr.org\/documents\/dpage_e.aspx?si=A\/HRC\/45\/L.42\/Rev.1) (UNHRC Resolution on the safety of journalists).[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group highlight\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Role of the private sector<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, business enterprises have a \u201cresponsibility to respect freedom of expression [and] companies should invest resources in security measures and improvements to infrastructure that prevent or mitigate the effects of DDoS attacks involving their products or services.\u201d[footnote]Id<em>.<\/em>[\/footnote]<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>National laws<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typically, DoS and DDoS attacks against journalists and media houses can be combatted by relying on civil and criminal liability provided under national laws regulating cybercrimes or computer misuse.[footnote]Thomson Reuters, \u2018Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attack\u2019 (2022) (accessible at https:\/\/uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com\/7-516-9293).[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group highlight\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Cybercrime laws and DoS and DDoS<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNCTAD reports that 39 out of 54 African countries (72%) have enacted cybersecurity or cybercrime laws[footnote]UNCTAD, \u2018Cybercrime Legislation Worldwide\u2019 (accessible at https:\/\/unctad.org\/page\/cybercrime-legislation-worldwide).[\/footnote] which typically create offences that can be used to counter DoS and DDoS attacks against journalists and media houses. \u00a0 Generally, these offences are located in provisions prohibiting crimes against computer systems and computer data, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>unauthorised access, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>unauthorised interference,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>unauthorised interception, or<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>access with intent to commit further offences. \u00a0 <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <strong>Ethiopia<\/strong>, for example, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/dyn\/natlex\/docs\/ELECTRONIC\/103967\/126636\/F1922468791\/ETH103967.pdf\">Computer Crime Proclamation, No. 958\/2016<\/a> criminalises illegal access to computer systems, data or networks, the illegal interception of non-public computer data or data processing services, intentional interference with the proper functioning of a computer system, and causing damage to computer data rendering it useless or inaccessible. \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For SSA countries without or with inadequate cybercrime laws, recourse might be found through other legal avenues:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For SSA countries without or with inadequate cybercrime laws, legal recourse might alternatively be found in <strong>data protection legislation<\/strong>. For example, Section 72 of <strong>Kenya\u2019s <\/strong>Data Protection Act, 2019 prohibits obtaining access to personal data without prior authority of the data controller or data processor in certain circumstances.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lawyers may rely on <strong>civil provisions<\/strong>, including trespass to chattel, or a breach of contract if the attack violates a website owner&#8217;s or internet service provider&#8217;s terms of use.[footnote]Thomson Reuters above n 117.[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In the alternative, if a perpetrator has used threats in an attempt to extort a journalist or a media house, one could potentially rely on <strong>criminal offences<\/strong> under the Penal or Criminal Code.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group highlight\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Litigating DDoS Attacks: United States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The sentencing of a man in the United States, Andrew Rakhshan,[footnote]Department of Justice, \u2018Man Receives Maximum Sentence for DDoS Attack on Legal News (2020) (accessible at https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/usao-ndtx\/pr\/man-receives-maximum-sentence-ddos-attack-legal-news-aggregator); Department of Justice, \u2018Seattle Man Arrested for the Attempted Extortion of Leagle.com and Several Other Media Companies\u2019 (2017) (accessible at https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/usao-ndtx\/pr\/seattle-man-arrested-attempted-extortion-leaglecom-and-several-other-media-companies).[\/footnote] for launching multiple, international DDoS attacks on media sites in Australia, New Zealand, and Canada illustrates the <strong>viability of legal recourse against DDoS attacks<\/strong> where there is an identifiable perpetrator.[footnote]<em>United States v Kamyar Jahanrakhshan also known as \u201cKamyar Jahan Rakhshan, Andy or Andrew Rakhshan,\u201d \u201cAndy or Andrew Kamyar,\u201d and \u201cKamiar or Kamier Rakhshan <\/em>(accessible at https:\/\/cdn.arstechnica.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/jahanrakhshanchargingdoc.pdf).[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rakhshan was charged and convicted with violating United States Code \u00a7 1030 (a)(5)(A) (knowingly causing the transmission of a program, information, code, or command, and as a result of such conduct, intentionally causing damage without authorization, to a protected computer).[footnote]18 U.S. Code \u00a7 1030 &#8211; Fraud and related activity in connection with computers (accessible at https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/uscode\/text\/18\/1030#e_2).[\/footnote] However, in April 2019, owing to ineffective assistance of trial counsel, the court ordered a retrial in which the state alleged the offence of U.S.C. \u00a7 1030 (b) (conspiracy to violate 1030 (a)).footnote]<em>United States of America v Kamyar Jahanrakhshan <\/em>(2018) (accessible at https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/app\/details\/USCOURTS-txnd-3_17-cr-00414\/context).[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In June 2020, Rakhshan, after pleading guilty to the conspiracy charge, was sentenced to five years in federal prison and ordered to pay more than $520,000 in restitution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Critically, this case illustrates that litigating DoS and DDoS cases impacting digital journalism requires <strong>technical expertise<\/strong> and may often require the <strong>cooperation of multiple state and non-state actors<\/strong>, including those from multiple jurisdictions. As noted by Sentinel One, the use of the law to combat cybercrimes is \u201cnot always easy and cases often lag for years or are tried ineffectively due to a lack of technical prowess across all involved parties.\u201d[footnote]Sentinel One, \u2018The Good, the Bad and the Ugly in Cybersecurity \u2013 Week 25\u2019 (2020) (accessible at https:\/\/www.sentinelone.com\/blog\/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-in-cybersecurity-week-25\/).[\/footnote]<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Securing accountability for such attacks usually strictly requires being able to clearly attribute it to a specific state or non-state perpetrator(s).[footnote]Dimitar Kostadinov, \u2018The attribution problem in cyber attacks\u2019, (2013) (accessible at https:\/\/resources.infosecinstitute.com\/topic\/attribution-problem-in-cyber-attacks\/).[\/footnote] However, there are some <strong>practical challenges<\/strong> to be aware of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Accurately identifying the origin of an attack and the perpetrator is extremely difficult due to the technical skills and know-how required and the prevalence of online anonymity tools, which makes these attacks effective intimidation tools.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anonymity protections online enable perpetrators to remain hidden, a challenge exacerbated by \u2018false flag\u2019 attacks that are committed to disguise the real perpetrator and shift blame to a third party.[footnote]David Trilling, \u2018Hacking: What journalists need to know. A conversation with Bruce Schneier\u2019, (2016) (accessible at https:\/\/journalistsresource.org\/economics\/hacking-bruce-schneier-journalists-cyberattacks-ddos\/).[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Overview DDoS attacks in Africa In November 2021, SEACOM, an ICT service provider, reported that \u201cAfrica experienced 382,500 DDoS attacks between January and July 2021.\u201d Kenya and South Africa, both ardent champions of digitisation and Internet access, accounted for a staggering 59% of these attacks.[footnote]SEACOM, \u2018Latest research shows DDoS attacks up by 300% in Africa [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":1645,"menu_order":355,"template":"page-templates\/chapter.php","publication-category":[],"class_list":["post-1653","publication","type-publication","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Denial of Service Attacks | eReader<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This module provides a high-level overview of online violence against journalists, with a focus on the gendered impact on women journalists.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\/ddos-attacks\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Denial of Service Attacks | eReader\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This module provides a high-level overview of online violence against journalists, with a focus on the gendered impact on women journalists.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\/ddos-attacks\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"eReader\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-17T07:45:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mediadefence.org\\\/ereader\\\/publications\\\/online-violence-against-journalists\\\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\\\/ddos-attacks\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mediadefence.org\\\/ereader\\\/publications\\\/online-violence-against-journalists\\\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\\\/ddos-attacks\\\/\",\"name\":\"Denial of Service Attacks | eReader\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mediadefence.org\\\/ereader\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-06-12T10:04:20+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-06-17T07:45:30+00:00\",\"description\":\"This module provides a high-level overview of online violence against journalists, with a focus on the gendered impact on women journalists.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mediadefence.org\\\/ereader\\\/publications\\\/online-violence-against-journalists\\\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\\\/ddos-attacks\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mediadefence.org\\\/ereader\\\/publications\\\/online-violence-against-journalists\\\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\\\/ddos-attacks\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mediadefence.org\\\/ereader\\\/publications\\\/online-violence-against-journalists\\\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\\\/ddos-attacks\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mediadefence.org\\\/ereader\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Publications\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mediadefence.org\\\/ereader\\\/publications\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Modules on Online Violence against Journalists in Sub-Saharan Africa\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mediadefence.org\\\/ereader\\\/publications\\\/online-violence-against-journalists\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Module 2: Digital attacks and Online Gender-Based Violence\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mediadefence.org\\\/ereader\\\/publications\\\/online-violence-against-journalists\\\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":5,\"name\":\"Denial of Service Attacks\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mediadefence.org\\\/ereader\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mediadefence.org\\\/ereader\\\/\",\"name\":\"eReader\",\"description\":\"Media Defence\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mediadefence.org\\\/ereader\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Denial of Service Attacks | eReader","description":"This module provides a high-level overview of online violence against journalists, with a focus on the gendered impact on women journalists.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\/ddos-attacks\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Denial of Service Attacks | eReader","og_description":"This module provides a high-level overview of online violence against journalists, with a focus on the gendered impact on women journalists.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\/ddos-attacks\/","og_site_name":"eReader","article_modified_time":"2024-06-17T07:45:30+00:00","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\/ddos-attacks\/","url":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\/ddos-attacks\/","name":"Denial of Service Attacks | eReader","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/#website"},"datePublished":"2024-06-12T10:04:20+00:00","dateModified":"2024-06-17T07:45:30+00:00","description":"This module provides a high-level overview of online violence against journalists, with a focus on the gendered impact on women journalists.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\/ddos-attacks\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\/ddos-attacks\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\/ddos-attacks\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Publications","item":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Modules on Online Violence against Journalists in Sub-Saharan Africa","item":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Module 2: Digital attacks and Online Gender-Based Violence","item":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/module-2-digital-attacks-and-online-gbv\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"Denial of Service Attacks"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/","name":"eReader","description":"Media Defence","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/1653","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/1645"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1653"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"publication-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication-category?post=1653"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}