{"id":1630,"date":"2024-06-12T09:43:48","date_gmt":"2024-06-12T08:43:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=1630"},"modified":"2024-06-17T08:45:30","modified_gmt":"2024-06-17T07:45:30","slug":"threats-of-violence","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/online-violence-against-journalists\/module-1-violence-against-women-journalists-ssa\/threats-of-violence\/","title":{"rendered":"Threats of violence"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Definition<\/strong>: A \u2018threat of violence\u2019 is defined as an expression or a declaration of an \u201cintention to inflict emotional, physical or psychological harm, injury, pain or damage\u2019 to another person, through virtual or physical means.\u201d[footnote]Collins Dictionary, \u2018threat of violence,\u2019 (accessible at https:\/\/www.collinsdictionary.com\/us\/dictionary\/english\/threat-of-violence&gt;;) and Reverso Dictionary (accessible at https:\/\/dictionary.reverso.net\/english-definition\/threat of violence).[\/footnote] Women journalists bear a disproportionate burden of these threats and attacks, especially those occurring online.[footnote]United Nations \u2018International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists\u2019 (accessible at https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/observances\/end-impunity-crimes-against-journalists#:~:text=Threats of violence and attacks,notably by those made online.).[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Rights implications<\/strong>: As in the offline context, threats of online violence against journalists under international law are not tolerated given their ability to infringe on human rights, particularly the rights to freedom of expression and press freedom. In 2015, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media issued recommendations on countering online abuse of female journalists and recognised that \u2018threats and other forms of online abuse of female journalists and media actors is a direct attack on freedom of expression and freedom of the media.\u2019[footnote]Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, \u2018Recommendations following the Expert Meeting New Challenges to Freedom of Expression: Countering Online Abuse of Female Journalists\u2019, (accessible at http:\/\/www.osce.org\/fom\/193556).[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Platforms and sites<\/strong>: Notably, threats of violence against journalists are typically issued or transmitted through major social media platforms, such as Twitter and Facebook, or through messaging applications or other platforms or technologies, including WhatsApp and Telegram. Additionally, threats directed towards journalists are also frequently posted in the comment sections provided by media houses or news outlets on their official websites or official social media pages.[footnote]See UNESCO, The Chilling above n 4.[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>States obligations<\/strong>: As mentioned above, international human rights law places obligations on States to create conditions for effective investigation, prosecution, and protection in response to threats of violence against journalists. Further, international human rights law defines the responsibilities of private sector actors, including businesses and corporations, such as private social media companies and intermediaries, where threats of online violence against journalists are typically transmitted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group highlight\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong><strong><strong><strong>States and Platforms<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), a widely accepted non-binding global standard defining the responsibilities of businesses to protect and advance human rights, calls on private sector actors to fulfil their positive responsibilities to mitigate human rights impacts of their operations, publish transparency reports and provide remedies for potential human rights violations.[footnote]UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (accessible at https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/publications\/reference-publications\/guiding-principles-business-and-human-rights).[\/footnote] More recently, and with a focus on women journalists, the UNSR on FreeEx noted the dual responsibility of states and the private sector: \u00a0 \u201cThe ultimate responsibility rests with States, as the primary duty bearers of human rights, to ensure that women journalists are safe from online violence. As the main vectors of online attacks, social media companies are also responsible for exercising due diligence and taking measures to ensure the safety of journalists on their platforms in accordance with the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.\u201d[footnote]UNSR on FreeEx above n 1 at para 39.[\/footnote] \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the SSA region, observed threats of online violence include threats of sexual or physical violence, including rape or death threats, and threats of digital security attacks (e.g., hacking or trolling), amongst others. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SANEF and partners observed that \u201conline threats targeting journalists such as hate speech, harassment, and doxing\u201d were received from the police, political parties, and the public in <strong>South Africa<\/strong>.[footnote]Amnesty International South Africa, Campaign for Free Expression, Committee to Protect Journalists, Media Monitoring Africa, and the South African National Editors\u2019 Forum, \u2018Submission for the 41st Session of the Universal Periodic Review Working Group\u2019 (2022) (accessible at https:\/\/amnesty.org.za\/research\/universal-periodic-review-freedom-of-expression\/).[\/footnote] Concerningly, these threats of violence targeting journalists also extend towards their family members, leading to wider concerns about online and physical safety and security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>iWatch Africa reports that journalists who report on contested social and political issues in <strong>Ghana<\/strong> are subjected to online violence including threats of physical violence and rape.[footnote]iWatch Africa, \u2018Q2 Report: Manasseh Azure, Nana Aba Anamoah &amp; Justice Annan among most abused journalist online, Tracking digital rights in Ghana\u2019 (2020) (accessible at https:\/\/iwatchafrica.org\/2020\/07\/27\/q2-report-manasseh-azure-nana-aba-anamoah-justice-annan-among-most-abused-journalists-online\/).[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, it should be noted that there is a fine line, in reality, between a threat and actual violence in the online sphere, but that the legal requirements for proving such actions are likely to differ. For example, a threat of violence accompanied by the release of personal information, doxxing, can be seen as both an act of actual violence through the tangible and real-world harm that results from doxxing, as well as a threat for further violence to be perpetrated through the release of the information (e.g. a threat to show up at one\u2019s house).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types of violence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the manifestations of online violence against women journalists vary widely, some commonly accepted types have developed over time that assist in understanding the breadth of experiences faced by women journalists as well as how regulation and enforcement can better address these harms. These types are discussed in more detail in <strong>Module 2 of this series on Digital security attacks and Online Gender-Based Violence (OGBV)<\/strong>. In summary, these include, but are not limited to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cyber-harassment;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Doxxing;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stalking;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Non-consensual dissemination of intimate images;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Online sexual exploitation and abuse;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dis- and misinformation campaigns;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Privacy and data protection violations;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Government surveillance;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Commercial surveillance;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phishing; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Confiscation of hardware.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It should be noted that, in contrast to offline gender-based violence, OGBV is characterised by continuity due to the ability of perpetrators to utilise different online and offline platforms to transmit harmful speech or behaviour for extended periods, leading to the \u201cconstant re-victimisation of victims.\u201d[footnote]World Wide Web Foundation, \u2018Covid-19 and increasing domestic violence against women: The pandemic of online gender-based violence\u2019, July 2020 (accessible at http:\/\/webfoundation.org\/docs\/2020\/07\/WWWF-Submission-COVID-19-and-the-increase-of-domestic-violence-against-women-1.pdf).[\/footnote] This issue of re-victimisation is further entrenched by the reality that any form of targeted online violence creates a \u201cpermanent digital record that can be distributed worldwide and cannot be easily deleted.\u201d[footnote]UNSR on VAW Online Violence Report above n 8.[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Impact of online violence on journalists&#8217; work<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Psychological harm<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the UNESCO report, at least 26% of the women journalists interviewed had suffered impairment to their mental health as a result of online violence.[footnote]UNESCO, The Chilling, above n 4 at 13.[\/footnote] Out of these, only 12% had sought medical help. In Africa, psychological harm is one of the most devastating effects of online violence against journalists. UNESCO also emphasised that these experiences are not limited to the short-term, often causing long-lasting physical and psychological stress. A study conducted by ARTICLE 19 and AMWIK in <strong>Kenya<\/strong> also documented the psychological harm experienced by journalists who were victims of online violence.[footnote]ARTICLE 19 &amp; AMWIK, \u2018Women Journalists Digital Security\u2019, February 2018 (accessible at http:\/\/amwik.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/Women-Journalists-Digital-Security.pdf).).[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Spill-over of online violence to offline spaces<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is a close relationship between online and offline violence, with online threats or abuse frequently being followed up with offline violence and vice versa. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Doxxing<\/strong> is often committed with the express intent of enabling offline harassment of the targeted person.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Online stalking<\/strong> is frequently accompanied by other, offline methods of stalking.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>NCII <\/strong>and other forms of harassment are designed to generate violations of dignity and undermine one\u2019s credibility and professional standing in the real world.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In 2017, the Committee to Protect Journalists stated that at least 40% of the journalists who were murdered had received <strong>death threats<\/strong>, including online threats prior to their death.[footnote]Elisabeth Witchel, \u2018Getting away with Murder: CPJs 2017 Global Impunity Index spotlights countries where journalists are slain and the killers go free\u2019, 31 October 2017 (accessible at https:\/\/cpj.org\/reports\/2017\/10\/impunity-index-getting-away-with-murder-killed-justice-2\/).[\/footnote]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In <strong>Ghana<\/strong>, journalists from the Multimedia Group received direct threats of physical harm via social media for their work around the 2020 elections.[footnote]Media Foundation for West Africa, \u2018Journalists receive threats via social media in the aftermath of early December general election\u2019, 2020 (accessible at https:\/\/ifex.org\/journalists-receive-threats-via-social-media-in-the-aftermath-of-early-december-general-election\/).[\/footnote]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In 2017, an online message calling for the killing of certain identified journalists was circulated across social media platforms in <strong>Togo<\/strong> accompanied by the dissemination of personal data, ostensibly to support the government regime.[footnote]Reporters Without Borders, \u2018Online Harassment of Journalists; Attack of the Trolls\u2019 (accessible at https:\/\/rsf.org\/sites\/default\/files\/rsf_report_on_online_harassment.pdf).[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group highlight\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong><strong><strong>Case note: Litigating violence against journalists in Africa<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saflii.org\/za\/cases\/ZAGPJHC\/2017\/179.html\"><em>South African National Editors Forum v. Black First Land First<\/em><\/a> (2017) the High Court of South Africa granted several orders relating to the protection of journalists from harassment. The case related to attacks that had been made both on- and offline against journalists who had reported negatively on an organisation, Black First Land First (BLF). &nbsp; The Court held that the journalists had a right to the protection of their physical and human dignity and to carry out their profession, and that in making threats and sending abuse to the journalists online, gathering in front of their homes, and turning off the water supply to the house, the members of BLF had intended to harass, intimidate, and threaten the journalists and violated their right to the protection of their bodily and physical integrity, to dignity, and to follow the profession of their choice. &nbsp; Importantly, the Court also ordered the Respondents not to use social media in an intimidating and threatening way. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Loss of credibility<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Online harassment and abuse of journalists and media houses can have severe effects on their credibility, casting doubt on their independence and impartiality to their audience and leading to a general climate of loss of trust in the media, with devastating effects on democracy and the free flow of information. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In <strong>Nigeria<\/strong>, journalist Ruona Meyer was attacked by online trolls for publishing an expos\u00e9 on the abuse of codeine and those profiting from the trade.[footnote]BBC, \u2018Africa Eye: How a codeine investigation changed Nigeria\u2019, 6 June 2019 (accessible at https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-48532120).[\/footnote] Due to her marriage to a German national and association with the BBC, she was tagged as a foreign agent and her work was a result of foreign interference.[footnote]UNESCO, The Chilling, above n 4.[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In <strong>Kenya<\/strong>, the Nation Media Group was in 2019 harassed by online trolls and dubbed <em>#NationMediaGarbage<\/em>, a tag designed to attack the credibility of the organisation.[footnote]Reporters Without Borders, \u20182020 RSF Index: Future of African Journalism under threat from all sides\u2019 (accessible at https:\/\/rsf.org\/en\/2020-rsf-index-future-african-journalism-under-threat-all-sides).[\/footnote] Likewise in Kenya, the term \u2018Githeri Media\u2019 is used to rubbish the work of journalists and media houses and to imply state or political influence on news.[footnote]Twitter, Larry Madowo (accessible at https:\/\/twitter.com\/larrymadowo\/status\/1238705991409115137).[\/footnote] Further, research[footnote]Madung &amp; Obilo, \u2018How to manipulate Twitter and Influence People: Propaganda and the Pandora Papers in Kenya\u2019, 3 November 2021, (accessed[\/footnote] has demonstrated that the Kenyan Government actively used misinformation and coordinated inauthentic campaigns on social media to discredit the \u2018Pandora Papers.\u2019[footnote]The largest investigation in journalism history exposes a shadow of financial system that benefits the world\u2019s most powerful and rich. See: ICIJ, \u2018Pandora Papers\u2019 (accessible at https:\/\/www.icij.org\/investigations\/pandora-papers\/).[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>UNESCO\u2019s research on the widespread attacks faced by <strong>Filipino-American journalist<\/strong>, Maria Ressa, co-winner of the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize for her work to safeguard freedom of expression, revealed that 60% of the attacks were designed to undermine her professional credibility and public trust in her journalism.[footnote]UNESCO, The Chilling, above n 4 at 48.[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The above examples illustrate how perpetrators frequently abuse the public\u2019s recognition of widespread mis- and disinformation to invoke false claims of a journalist\u2019s work being \u201cfake news.\u201d Orchestrated attacks by armies of trolls or supporters are also often used to create substantial dents in the perceived credibility of a journalist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Culture of violence<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Failure by different stakeholders to address online violence leads to a culture of impunity in which perpetrators of online violence escape without consequences, with limited response from platforms, the state, and media houses, leading to ongoing and repeated cycles of violence that, over time, can develop into an accepted culture of violence against women and\/or journalists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of the journalist killings documented between September 2013 and August 2023, in 78% (204&nbsp;cases) no one had been held accountable, according to an analysis by the Committee to Protect Journalists.[footnote]VOA, \u2018Impunity in Journalist Killings Remains the Norm, Report Says,\u2019 (2023) (accessible at https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/impunity-in-journalist-killings-remains-the-norm-report-says-\/7334415.html).[\/footnote] Securing accountability for online attacks is also challenging due to a range of factors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The difficulties in holding private digital platforms, which do not have a physical presence in most African countries and determine their own content moderation standards separate and distinct from domestic laws, accountable for removing content in languages and contexts in which they have little expertise;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The lack of awareness among law enforcement of the severity and impacts of online abuse against women journalists;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A dearth of appropriate legislation and regulations dealing specifically with online violence against journalists, particularly women;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Challenges in identifying and tracking down perpetrators who often operate anonymously online; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unsupportive state apparatuses that are often complicit in enabling attacks against journalists and actively seeking to undermine freedom of expression and of the press for various reasons.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, and because of the above, there is a need for media houses and employers of women journalists to play a more active role in supporting and protecting journalists from these attacks. Concerningly, in a global survey released by the International Federation of Journalists, two-thirds of the respondents stated that online harassment was not a priority for their media company while 44% stated that the issue was not even discussed.[footnote]International Federation of Journalists, \u2018Time to end Media inaction over online abuse, says IFJ\u2019 (2022) (accessible at https:\/\/www.ifj.org\/media-centre\/news\/detail\/category\/stop-gender-based-violence-at-work\/article\/time-to-end-media-inaction-over-online-abuse-says-ifj.html).[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One <strong>Kenyan<\/strong> journalist states:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWe are harassed in the online space by perpetrators who get away without any consequences. There are no adequate measures to protect us against such harassment: Our media organisations do not know how to act when we are facing these attacks online, and our legal protections, which look very promising on paper, are not implemented. The big question then is, in whose hands are journalists safe?\u201d[footnote]Lourdes Walusala, \u2018Online Violence against women: In whose hands are journalists safe?\u2019 (2022) (accessible at https:\/\/openinternet.global\/news\/online-violence-against-women-whose-hands-are-journalists-safe).[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perpetrators of online violence associated with the state contribute to this culture of violence as it creates the impression that such conduct is permissible. In <strong>Rwanda<\/strong>, people with access to the President\u2019s Twitter account were linked to harassment and trolling against journalist Sonia Rolley.[footnote]&nbsp; Reporters Without Borders, \u2018Online Harassment of Journalists; Attack of the Trolls\u2019 (accessible at https:\/\/rsf.org\/sites\/default\/files\/rsf_report_on_online_harassment.pdf).[\/footnote]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group highlight\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong><strong>Case note: Accountability for failure to investigate \u2013 <em>Hydara v Gambia<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the foundational case of <a href=\"https:\/\/globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu\/cases\/hydara-v-gambia\/#:~:text=The Applicants filed an application,freedom of expression; and 4\"><em>Hydara v Gambia<\/em><\/a> (2014) in the ECOWAS Court, the Court held that the state\u2019s failure to effectively investigate the assassination of a prominent Gambian journalist allowed impunity and violated the right to freedom of expression, as well as failing to provide redress to his family. In its judgment, the Court emphasised the obligations of the state to protect media practitioners, including those critical of the state, and to enable a safe and conducive atmosphere for the practice of journalism to avoid the chilling effect that systematic impunity had on journalism and the right to freedom of expression. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Self-Censorship<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Online violence against journalists causes self-censorship as a protective mechanism, with journalists seeking to avoid reporting on topics that appear sensitive and that could lead to online violence, or ultimately to withdraw from journalism entirely. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In <strong>Kenya<\/strong>, ARTICLE 19 found that online violence has caused female journalists to withdraw from the use of the internet and stop working for some time.[footnote]ARTICLE19 &amp; AMWIK, \u2018Women Journalists Digital Security\u2019, February 2016 (accessible at http:\/\/amwik.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/Women-Journalists-Digital-Security.pdf).).[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In <strong>Namibia<\/strong> the occurrence of online gender-based violence against female journalists in Namibia has led some to resort to self-censorship out of fear of retaliation.[footnote]Zviyita &amp; Mare above n 28.[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>impact<\/strong> of self-censorship and withdrawal is profound:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Withdrawing and self-censorship implicate freedom of expression and press freedom but also exacerbate the pre-existing inequalities regarding participation levels between men and women journalists as professional counterparts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Further, the withdrawal of large numbers of women journalists from online spaces as well as from the industry as a whole creates serious concerns for representation and diversity of perspectives within the media, with potentially serious economic, social, and political consequences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>As stated by UN Women, limiting the participation of women online \u201cis a significant concern given the majority of the estimated 2.9 billion people who remain unconnected to the Internet are women and girls.\u201d[footnote]UN Women, \u2018FAQs: Trolling, stalking, doxing and other forms of violence against women in the digital age,\u2019 (accessible at https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/what-we-do\/ending-violence-against-women\/faqs\/tech-facilitated-gender-based-violence).[\/footnote]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>States and Platforms The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), a widely accepted non-binding global standard defining the responsibilities of businesses to protect and advance human rights, calls on private sector actors to fulfil their positive responsibilities to mitigate human rights impacts of their operations, publish transparency reports and provide remedies for [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":1619,"menu_order":366,"template":"page-templates\/chapter.php","publication-category":[],"class_list":["post-1630","publication","type-publication","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Threats of 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