{"id":1022,"date":"2022-09-22T10:06:46","date_gmt":"2022-09-22T09:06:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/?post_type=publication&p=1022"},"modified":"2022-09-22T11:25:18","modified_gmt":"2022-09-22T10:25:18","slug":"introduction","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/www.mediadefence.org\/ereader\/publications\/modules-on-litigating-freedom-of-expression-and-digital-rights-in-south-and-southeast-asia\/module-11-introduction-to-un-mechanisms\/introduction\/","title":{"rendered":"Introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

While human rights activism has long been a feature of human society in many different forms, the internationalisation of that movement only truly took root when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights<\/a>[footnote]United Nations, Statute of the International Court of Justice, 18 April 1946.[\/footnote] (UDHR) on 10 December 1948. This document was at least in part motivated from a desire to avoid, as noted in its preamble, \u201cbarbarous acts which [\u2026] outraged the conscience of mankind\u201d during the Second World War. The UDHR was a landmark statement of the basic civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights to which all human beings are entitled. However, the UDHR is not legally binding because it is a declaration. Two subsequent legally binding instruments were eventually elaborated, namely the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<\/a>[footnote]UN General Assembly Resolution 2200A (XXI), adopted 16 December 1966, in force 23 March 1976.[\/footnote] (ICCPR) and its two Optional Protocols, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<\/a>[footnote]UN General Assembly Resolution 2200A (XXI), adopted 16 December 1966, in force 3 January 1976.[\/footnote] (ICESCR). The ICCPR, UDHR and ICESCR form the International Bill of Human Rights. Numerous other treaties, such as the Convention Against Torture and Other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment<\/a>[footnote]UN General Assembly Resolution 39\/46, Annex, A\/39\/51 (1984), 1465 UNTS 85, adopted 4 February 1985, in force 26 June 1987.[\/footnote] have also been developed under the auspices of the United Nations. The United Nations has a variety of mechanisms to encourage compliance with the human rights guaranteed under these instruments. This Module presents an overview of these mechanisms with a focus on treaty bodies and the special procedures system. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

While human rights activism has long been a feature of human society in many different forms, the internationalisation of that movement only truly took root when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[footnote]United Nations, Statute of the International Court of Justice, 18 April 1946.[\/footnote] (UDHR) on 10 December 1948. 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